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State Shintō (国家神道 or 國家神道, Kokka Shintō) was Imperial Japan's ideological use of the Japanese folk religion and traditions of Shinto.: 547 The state exercised control of shrine finances and training regimes for priests: 59 : 120 to strongly encourage Shinto practices that emphasized the Emperor as a divine being.: 8
The State Shinto ideology emerged at the start of the Meiji era, after government officials defined freedom of religion within the Meiji Constitution.: 115 Imperial scholars believed Shinto reflected the historical fact of the Emperor's divine origins rather than a religious belief, and argued that it should enjoy a privileged relationship with the Japanese state.: 8 : 59 The government argued that Shinto was a non-religious moral tradition and patriotic practice, to give the impression that they supported religious freedom.: 59 : 120 Though early Meiji-era attempts to unite Shinto and the state failed,: 51 this non-religious concept of ideological Shinto was incorporated into state bureaucracy.: 547 Shrines were defined as patriotic, not religious, institutions, which served state purposes such as honoring the war dead;: 91 this is known as Secular Shrine Theory.
The state also integrated local shrines into political functions, occasionally spurring local opposition and resentment.: 120 With fewer shrines financed by the state, nearly 80,000 closed or merged with neighbors.: 98 : 118 Many shrines and shrine organizations began to independently embrace these state directives, regardless of funding.: 114 By 1940, Shinto priests risked persecution for performing traditionally "religious" Shinto ceremonies.: 25 : 699 Imperial Japan did not draw a distinction between ideological Shinto and traditional Shinto.: 100
US military leaders introduced the term "State Shinto" to differentiate the state's ideology from traditional Shinto practices: 38 in the 1945 Shinto Directive.: 38 That decree established Shinto as a religion, and banned further ideological uses of Shinto by the state.: 703 Controversy continues to surround the use of Shinto symbols in state functions.: 428 : 706